Publications

Book

Rodrigo Caballero (2014): Physics of the Atmosphere. IOP Publishing, Bristol.

Papers

In review

♯Stanković, R. Caballero:
Winter cyclones drive stronger surface wind extremes in the North Atlantic than in the Southern Ocean. Submitted to GRL.

Suresan, S., N. Harnik, R. Caballero:
Extreme weather anomalies and surface signatures associated with merged Atlantic-African jets during winter. Submitted to WCD.

Caballero, R. and T. Merlis:
Polar feedbacks in clearsky radiative-advective equilibrium from an air-mass transformation perspective. Accepted, J. Climate.

2025

Blanco, J., R. Caballero, S. Sherwood, L. Alexander (2025):
Insights into cloud albedo biases from a cloud-controlling factor framework. J. Climate., 38, 563–581, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0260.1

2024

Boukrouche, R., R. Caballero, M. Janson (2024):
The impact of water clouds on the prospective emission spectrum of Teegarden’s Star b as observed by LIFE. Astrophys. J., 977, 88, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8f30.

♯Dimitrelos, A., A. Ekman, R. Caballero (2024):
Moisture and aerosols as key drivers of the turbulent state of Arctic mixed-phase clouds during moist intrusions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 129, e2023JD039580, doi:10.1029/2023JD039580.

♯Stanković, A., G. Messori, J. Pinto, R. Caballero (2024):
Large-scale perspective on the extreme near-surface winds in the central North Atlantic. Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 821–837, doi:10.5194/wcd-5-821-2024.

2023

Papritz, L., S. Murto, M. Röthlisberger, R. Caballero, G. Messori, G. Svensson, H. Wernli (2023):
The role of local and remote processes for wintertime Arctic surface energy budget extremes. J. Climate, 36, 7657-7674, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0883.1.

Holmberg, E., G. Messori, R. Caballero, D. Faranda (2023):
The link between European warm-temperature extremes and atmospheric persistence. Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 737-765, doi:10.5194/esd-14-737-2023

♯Murto, S., L. Papritz, G. Messori, R. Caballero, G. Svensson and H. Wernli (2023):
Extreme surface energy budget anomalies in the high Arctic in winter. J. Climate, 36, 3591–3609, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0209.1.

♯Dimitrelos, A., R. Caballero and A. Ekman (2023):
Controls on surface warming by winter Arctic moist intrusions in idealized large-eddy simulations. J. Climate, 36, 1287-1300. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0174.1.

♯Blanco, J., R. Caballero, G. Datseris, B. Stevens, S. Bony, O. Hadas, Y. Kaspi (2023):
A cloud-controlling factor perspective on the hemispheric asymmetry of extratropical cloud albedo. J. Climate, 36, 1793-1804. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0410.1.

Hadas, O., G. Datseris, J. Blanco, S. Bony, R. Caballero, B. Stevens, Y. Kaspi (2023):
The role of baroclinic activity in controlling Earth’s albedo in the present and future climates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2208778120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2208778120.

Pausata, F.S.R., Y. Zhao, D. Zanchettin, R. Caballero and D.S. Battisti (2023):
Revisiting the mechanisms of ENSO response to tropical volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL102183. doi:10.1029/2022GL102183.

2022

Datseris, G., J. Blanco, O. Hadas, S. Bony, R. Caballero, Y. Kaspi, B. Stevens (2022):
Minimal recipes for global cloudiness. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099678. doi:10.1029/2022GL099678.

Merlis, T., N. Feldl and R. Caballero (2022):
Changes in poleward atmospheric energy transport over a wide range of climates: Energetic and diffusive perspectives and a priori theories. J. Climate 35, 2933–2948. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0682.1. Preprint

♯Murto, S., R. Caballero, G. Svensson and L. Papritz (2022):
Interaction between Atlantic cyclones and Eurasian atmospheric blocking drives warm extremes in the high Arctic. Weather Clim. Dynam. 3, 21–44. doi:10.5194/wcd-3-21-2022.

Nilsson, E, Lukasczyk, J, Engelke, W, Bin Masood, T, Svensson, G, Caballero, R, Garth, C, Hotz, I (2022):
Exploring cyclone evolution with hierarchical features Topological Data Analysis and Visualization (TopoInVis), 92-102, doi:10.1109/TopoInVis57755.2022.00016.

2021

Engelke, W., T. Bin Masood, J. Beran, R. Caballero, I. Hotz (2021):
Topology-based feature design and tracking for multi-center cyclones. In: Topological Methods in Data Analysis and Visualization VI. Hotz, I., Bin Masood, T., Sadlo, F., Tierny, J. (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, 351 pp.

Messori, G., Bevacqua, E., Caballero, R., Coumou, D., De Luca, P., Faranda, D., Kornhuber, K., Martius, O., Pons, F., Raymond, C., Ye, K., Yiou, P., & Zscheischler, J. (2021).
Meeting report: Compound Climate Events and Extremes in the Midlatitudes: Dynamics, Simulation, and Statistical Characterization, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102 E774-E781.

2020

♯Liu, Y., R. Caballero and J. M. Monteiro (2020):
RadNet 1.0: Exploring deep learning architectures for longwave radiative transfer. Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4399–4412. doi:10.5194/gmd-13-4399-2020

Pausata, F.S.R., D. Zanchettin, C. Karamperidou, R. Caballero and D.S. Battisti (2020):
ITCZ shift and extratropical teleconnections drive ENSO response to volcanic eruptions. Science Adv. 6, eaaz5006. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz5006.

♯Dimitrelos, A., A.M.L. Ekman, R. Caballero, and J. Savre (2020):
A sensitivity study of Arctic air-mass transformation using large eddy simulation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125, e2019JD031738. doi:10.1029/2019JD031738.

Herbert, C., R. Caballero and F. Bouchet (2020):
Atmospheric bistability and abrupt transitions to superrotation: Wave-jet resonance and Hadley cell feedbacks. J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 31-49, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-19-0089.1.

2019

Soh, W.K., C. Yiotis, M. Murray, A. Parnell, I.J. Wright, R.A. Spicer, T. Lawson, R. Caballero and J.C. McElwain (2019):
Rising CO2 drives divergence in water use efficiency of evergreen and deciduous plants. Science Adv., 5, eaax7906, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax7906

♯Monteiro, J. M., R. Caballero (2019):
Characterization of extreme wet-bulb temperature events in southern Pakistan. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10659-10668, doi:10.1029/2019GL084711.

Hutchinson, D. K., H. K. Coxall, M. O’Regan, J. Nilsson, R. Caballero and A. M. de Boer (2019):
Arctic closure as a trigger for Atlantic overturning at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Nature Comm., 10, 3797, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11828-z.

Lee, S., C. Woods and R. Caballero (2019):
Relation between Arctic moisture flux and tropical temperature biases in CMIP5 simulations and its fingerprint in RCP8.5 projections. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1088-1096, doi:10.1029/2018GL080562.

Murray, M. , W. K. Soh, C. Yiotis, S. Batke, A. Parnell, R. A. Spicer, T. Lawson, R. Caballero, I. J. Wright, C. Purcell and J. C. McElwain (2019):
Convergence in maximum stomatal conductance of C3 woody angiosperms in natural ecosystems across bioclimatic zones. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 558, doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00558.

Messori, G., P. Davini, M. C. Alvarez-Castro, F. S. R. Pausata, R. Caballero and P. Yiou (2019):
On the low-frequency variability of wintertime Euro-Atlantic planetary wave-breaking. Clim. Dyn., 54, 2431–2450, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4373-2.

2018

Pithan, F., G. Svensson, R. Caballero, D. Chechin, T. Cronin, A. Ekman, R. Neggers, M. Shupe, A. Solomon, M. Tjernström and M. Wendisch (2018):
Role of air-mass transformations in exchange between the Arctic and mid-latitudes. Nature Geosci., 11, 805-812.

Caballero, R. and H. Carlson (2018):
Surface superrotation. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3671-3689.

♯ Monteiro, J. M., J. McGibbon and R. Caballero (2018):
sympl (v. 0.3.2) and climt (v. 0.11.0) – Towards a flexible framework for building model hierarchies in Python. Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3781-3794.

Hutchinson, D. K., A. de Boer, H. Coxall, R. Caballero, J. Nilsson and M. Baatsen (2018):
Climate sensitivity and meridional overturning circulation in the late Eocene using GFDL CM2.1. Clim. Past, 14, 789-810.

Purcell, C., S. P. Batke, C. Yiotis, R. Caballero, W.K. Soh, M. Murray and J. McElwain (2018):
Increasing stomatal conductance in response to rising atmospheric CO2. Ann. Bot., 121, 1137–1149.

♯ Sardina, G., S. Poulain, L. Brandt and R. Caballero (2018):
Broadening of cloud droplet size spectra by stochastic condensation: Effects of mean updraft velocity and CCN activation. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 451-467.

Messori, G., C. Woods and R. Caballero (2018):
On the drivers of wintertime temperature extremes in the High Arctic. J. Climate, 31, 1597–1618.

Messori, G., R. Caballero, F. Bouchet, D. Faranda, R. Grotjahn, N. Harnik, S. Jewson, J. G. Pinto, G. Rivière, T. Woollings and P. Yiou (2018):
Meeting report: An interdisciplinary approach to the study of extreme weather events: Large-scale atmospheric controls and insights from dynamical systems theory and statistical mechanics. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99, ES81-ES85.

♯ Sardina G., Picano F., Brandt L. and Caballero R. (2018):
Conference proceeding: Direct and Large Eddy simulations of droplet condensation in turbulent warm clouds. In: Grigoriadis D., Geurts B., Kuerten H., Fröhlich J., Armenio V. (eds) Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation X. ERCOFTAC Series, 24, 475-481. Springer, Cham. Preprint

2017

Anderson, B. T., P. Hassanzadeh and R. Caballero (2017):
Extratropical atmospheric blocking as an initiator of El Niño/Southern Oscillation events. Sci. Rep., 7, 10145.

♯ Carlson, H. and R. Caballero (2017):
Atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate impacts of alternative warming scenarios for the Eocene. Clim. Past, 13, 1037-1048.

Messori, G., R. Caballero and D. Faranda (2017):
A dynamical systems approach to studying mid-latitude weather extremes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3346–3354.

Lunt, D. J., Huber, M., Baatsen, M. L. J., Caballero, R., DeConto, R., Donnadieu, Y., Evans, D., Feng, R., Foster, G., Gasson, E., von der Heydt, A. S., Hollis, C. J., Kirtland Turner, S., Korty, R. L., Kozdon, R., Krishnan, S., Ladant, J.-B., Langebroek, P., Lear, C. H., LeGrande, A. N., Littler, K., Markwick, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Pearson, P., Poulsen, C., Salzmann, U., Shields, C., Snell, K., Starz, M., Super, J., Tabour, C., Tierney, J., Tourte, G. J. L., Upchurch, G. R., Wade, B., Wing, S. L., Winguth, A. M. E., Wright, N., Zachos, J. C., and Zeebe, R. (2017):
DeepMIP: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM. Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889-901.

♯ Maldonado, T., A. Rutgersson, R. Caballero, F.S.R. Pausata, E. Alfaro and J. Amador (2017):
The role of the meridional sea surface temperature gradient in controlling the Caribbean low-level jet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 5903–5916.

Lindvall, J., G. Svensson and R. Caballero (2017):
The impact of changes in parameterizations of surface drag and vertical diffusion on the large-scale circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5). Clim. Dyn., 48, 3741-3758.

2016

Harnik, N, G. Messori, R. Caballero, S. B. Feldstein (2016):
The Circumglobal North American wave pattern and its relation to North American cold events. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11015-11023.

von der Heydt, A, H. A. Dijkstra, R. S. W. van de Wal, R. Caballero, M. Crucifix, G. Foster, M. Huber, P. Köhler, E. Rohling, P. J. Valdes, P. Ashwin, S. Bathiany, T. Berends, L. van Bree, P. Ditlevsen, M. Ghil, A. Haywood, J. Katzav, G. Lohmann, J. Lohmann, V. Lucarini, A. Marzocchi, H. Pälike, I. Ruvalcaba Baroni, D. Simon, A. Sluijs, L. B. Stap, A. Tantet, J. Viebahn, M. Ziegler (2016):
Lessons on climate sensitivity from past climate changes. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 2, 148-158.

♯ Pausata, F.S.R, C. Karamperidou, R. Caballero and D. S. Battisti (2016):
ENSO response to high-latitude volcanic eruptions: the role of the initial conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8694–8702.

Shaw, T. A., M. Baldwin, E. A. Barnes, R. Caballero, C. I. Garfinkel, Y.-T. Hwang, C. Li, P. A. O'Gorman, G. Rivière, I. R. Simpson, and A. Voigt (2016):
Storm track processes and the opposing influences of climate change. Nat. Geosci., 9, 656-664.

♯ Messori, G., R. Caballero and M. Gaetani (2016):
On cold spells in North America and storminess in Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6620-6628.

♯ Löfverström, M., R. Caballero, J. Nilsson and G. Messori (2016):
Stationary wave reflection as a mechanism for zonalizing the Atlantic winter jet at the LGM. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3329-3342.

♯ Carlson, H. and R. Caballero (2016):
Enhanced MJO and transition to superrotation in warm climates. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 8, 304-318.

♯ Woods, C. and R. Caballero (2016):
The role of moist intrusions in winter Arctic warming and sea ice decline. J. Climate, 29, 4473-4485.

♯ Monteiro, J.M. and R. Caballero (2016):
Conference proceeding: The Climate Modelling Toolkit. Proceedings of SciPy2016, the 15th Python in Science Conference. , 69-74. doi:10.25080/Majora-629e541a-00a

2015

♯ Sardina, G., F. Picano, L. Brandt and R. Caballero (2015):
Continuous growth of droplet size variance due to condensation in turbulent clouds. Phys. Rev. Lett., 115, 184501.

♯ Messori, G. and R. Caballero (2015):
On double Rossby wave breaking in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 11129-11150.

♯ Pausata, F.S.R., L. Chafik, R. Caballero and D. S. Battisti (2015):
Impacts of high-latitude volcanic eruptions on AMOC and ENSO. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 13784-13788

♯ Pausata, F.S.R., A. Grini, R. Caballero, A. Hannachi and O. Seland (2015):
High-latitude volcanic eruption in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size. Tellus B, 67, 26728.

Jung T, Doblas-Reyes F, Goessling H, Guemas V, Bitz C, Buontempo C, Caballero R, Jakobson E, Jungclaus J, Karcher M, Koenigk T, Matei D, Overland J, Spengler T, Yang S (2015):
Workshop report: Polar lower-latitude linkages and their role in weather and climate prediction. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 96, ES197-200.

2014

Heifetz, E. and R. Caballero (2014):
An alternative view on the role of the β effect in the Rossby wave propagation mechanism. Tellus A, 66, 22672.

Pinto, J., I. Gómara, G. Masato, H. Dacre, T. Woollings and R. Caballero (2014):
Large-scale dynamics associated with clustering of extratropical cyclones affecting Western Europe. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 13704-13719.

♯ Löfverström, M., R. Caballero, J. Nilsson, and J. Kleman (2014):
Evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in response to changing ice sheets over the last glacial cycle Clim. Past, 10, 1453-1471.

♯ Tartaglione, N. and R. Caballero (2014):
A numerical study of the windstorm Klaus: Sensitivity to sea surface temperature Ann. Geophys., 57, A0540.

2013

Caballero, R. and M. Huber (2013):
State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14162-14167.
— See also: Commentary by Ray Pierrehumbert.

♯ Woods, C., R. Caballero and G. Svensson (2013):
Large scale circulation associated with moisture intrusions into the Arctic during winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4717-4721.

Goldner, A., M. Huber and R. Caballero (2013):
Does Antarctic glaciation cool the world? Clim. Past, 9, 173-189.

Kleman, J., J. Fastook, K. Ebert, J. Nilsson and R. Caballero (2013):
Pre-LGM Northern Hemisphere ice sheet topography. Clim. Past, 9, 2365-2378.

de Boer, A., A. Collier and R. Caballero (2013):
Processes driving thunderstorms over the Agulhas Current. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 2220-2228.

Neu U., M.G. Akperov, N. Bellenbaum, R. Benestad, R. Blender, R. Caballero, A. Cocozza, H.F. Dacre, Y. Feng, K. Fraedrich, J. Grieger, S. Gulev, J. Hanley, T. Hewson, M. Inatsu, K. Keay, S.F. Kew, I. Kindem, G.C. Leckebusch, M.L.R. Liberato, P. Lionello, I.I. Mokhov, J.G. Pinto, C.C. Raible, M. Reale, I. Rudeva, M. Schuster, I. Simmonds, M. Sinclair, M. Sprenger, N.D. Tilinina, I.F. Trigo, S. Ulbrich, U. Ulbrich, X.L. Wang, H. Wernli (2013):
IMILAST - a community effort to intercompare extratropical cyclone detection and tracking algorithms: assessing method-related uncertainties. Bull. Am. Met. Soc, 94, 529-547.

2012

Caballero, R. and J. Hanley (2012):
Midlatitude eddies, storm-track diffusivity and poleward moisture transport in warm climates. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3237-3250.

♯ Hanley, J. and R. Caballero (2012):
The role of large-scale atmospheric flow and Rossby wave breaking in the evolution of extreme windstorms over Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21708.
— See also: Supplementary material.

♯ Hanley, J. and R. Caballero (2012):
Objective identification and tracking of multi-centre cyclones in the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 612-625.

2011

Mitchell, J.L., M. Ádámkovics, R. Caballero and E.P. Turtle (2011):
Locally enhanced precipitation organized by planetary-scale waves on Titan. Nature Geosci., 4, 589-592.
See also:
— Supplementary material.
— News and Views feature by Tetsuya Tokano.

Goldner, A., M. Huber, N. Diffenbaugh and R. Caballero (2011):
Implications of the permanent El Niño teleconnection "blueprint" for past global and North American hydroclimatology. Clim. Past, 7, 723-743.

Huber, M. and R. Caballero (2011):
The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited. Clim. Past, 7, 603-633.

Caballero, R. and P. Lynch (2011):
Climate modelling and deep-time climate change. In: T.R. Hodkinson, M.B. Jones, S. Waldren and J.A.N. Parnell (eds.), Climate Change, Ecology and Systematics. Systematics Association Special Series, Cambridge University Press.

2010

Caballero, R. and M. Huber (2010):
Spontaneous transition to superrotation in warm climates simulated by CAM3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L11701.

Hazeleger, W. Wang X, Severijns C, Stefanescu S, Yang S, Wang X, Wyser K, Dutra E, Baldasano JM, Bintanja R, Bougeault P, Caballero R, Ekman AML, Christensen JH, van den Hurk B, Jimenez P, Jones C, Kallberg P, Koenigk T, McGrath R, Miranda P, van Noije T, Palmer T, Parodi JA, Schmith T, Selten F, Storelvmo T, Sterl A, Tapamo H, Vancoppenolle M, Viterbo P, Willen U (2010):
EC-Earth: A seamless Earth system prediction approach in action. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1357-1363.

2009

Caballero, R. and B.T. Anderson (2009):
Impact of midlatitude stationary waves on regional Hadley cells and ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17704.

Mitchell, J. L., R.T. Pierrehumbert, D.M.W. Frierson and R. Caballero (2009):
The impact of methane thermodynamics on seasonal convection and circulation in a model Titan atmosphere. Icarus, 203, 250-264.

2008

Caballero, R. (2008):
Hadley cell bias in climate models linked to extratropical eddy stress. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18709.

Caballero, R., R.T. Pierrehumbert and J.L. Mitchell (2008):
Axisymmetric, nearly inviscid circulations in non-condensing radiative-convective atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 1269-1285.

Drakakis, K., S. Rickard, J.K. Beard, R. Caballero, F. Iorio, G. O'Brien and J. Walsh (2008):
Results of the enumeration of Costas arrays of order 27. IEEE Trans. Inf. Th., 54, 4684-4687.

2007

Caballero, R. (2007):
Role of eddies in the interannual variability of Hadley cell strength. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L22705.

Langen, P.L. and R. Caballero (2007):
Cloud variability, radiative forcing and meridional temperature gradients in a general circulation model. Tellus A, 59, 641-649.

2006 and earlier

Mitchell, J., R.T. Pierrehumbert, D.M.W. Frierson and R. Caballero (2006):
The dynamics behind Titan's methane clouds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 18421-18426.

Caballero, R. and P.L. Langen (2005):
The dynamic range of poleward energy transport in an atmospheric general circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02705.

Huber, M. and R. Caballero (2003):
Eocene El Niño: Evidence for robust tropical dynamics in the "hothouse". Science, 299, 877-881.

Jewson, S. and R. Caballero (2003):
Seasonality in the statistics of surface air temperature and the pricing of weather derivatives. Meteorol. App., 10, 377-389.

Jewson, S. and R. Caballero (2003):
The use of weather forecasts in the pricing of weather derivatives. Meteorol. App., 10, 367-376.

Caballero, R., S. Jewson and A. Brix (2002):
Long memory in surface air temperature: Detection, modeling, and application to weather derivative valuation. Climate Research, 21, 127-140.

Caballero, R. and A. Lavagnini (2002):
A numerical study of the sea breeze, slope winds and convergence lines around Rome. Nuovo Cimento C, 25, 287-304.

Caballero, R. (2001):
Surface wind, subcloud humidity and the stability of the tropical climate. Tellus A, 53, 513-525.

Caballero, R., R. Castegini and A. Sutera (2001):
Equilibration of a two-level primitive equation model on the sphere. Nuovo Cimento C, 24, 875-884.

Caballero, R. and A. Sutera (2000):
Equilibration of a simple baroclinic flow in a β channel and on the sphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3296-3314.

Caballero, R. (1997):
Interannual modulation of extratropical high-frequency variability. Ann. Geophys., XL, 915-922.

Malguzzi, P., A. Speranza, A. Sutera, R. Caballero (1997):
Nonlinear amplification of stationary Rossby waves near resonance, Part II. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2441-2451.

Malguzzi, P., A. Speranza, A. Sutera, R. Caballero (1996):
Nonlinear amplification of stationary Rossby waves near resonance, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 298-311.